Qgis manual pdf download

Click once on the Add new label tool. Click once on the print composer page, and a label will appear. Resize it and place it in the top centre of the page. It can be resized and moved in the same way that you resized and moved the map. Click the map to select it. Hold down the shift key on your keyboard and click on the label. Look for this tool and click on the downward arrow next to the button.

Click Align Center. Now the label is centred to the map, but not the contents. To center the contents of the label:. The key is that the font should not be distracting, otherwise people who see the page will be looking at the heading instead of reading the map! Follow along: Adding a Legend The map reader also needs to be able to see what various things on the map actually mean. In some cases, like the place names, it is obvious. Click on the Legend tool: 2. Click on the page to place the legend, and move it to where you want it:.

Follow along: Customizing legend items You can customize in the Item tab then move to the Legend items slider. Click once on the Legend and select a layer from the same list. Uncheck the Auto update option in the legend properties. Click the Edit button: 4. Set the thickness to 1. Scroll downwards to background and check it clicking inside.

Select the background to yellow. Follow along: adding Grids 1. In the item properties tab click on Grids. Click on button Add new Grid 3. Select Grid type: solid. Set the X and Y interval as X: 2. Leave the rest of the settings, default. Click on 2. Click on map 3. Drag the extent frame upwards. NB: if the arrow points downwards against your expectation, delete it and repeat the process. You should click at a point within the map frame, then expand the north arrow frame upwards by dragging it towards the top.

Click once on the map 3. Drag the scale frame to suit the display 4. Position the scale bar in the best- suited location. The final map should look like this. Finally, the map is ready for export! The button on the right is the Print button, which interfaces with a printer. Since the options will differ depending on the printer model, consult the printer manual or a general guide to printing for more information on this topic.

The other three buttons allow you to export the map page to a file. There are three export formats to choose from:. Exporting as an image will give you a selection of various common image formats to choose from. Some cartographers may prefer PDF as well, if they have a program that allows them to import and edit this format. In conclusion 1. Close the Composer window. Save your map. Open it. Bask in its glory. Some notes to keep in mind Design principles for all maps o Clear title supported by relevant footnotes if appropriate.

Otherwise, how would you show an area with value 5? Better ranges would be and The key message s of your map should also be summarised in words. If you are showing data for smaller areas such as local authorities you will probably need a larger map than if you were showing region-level data. As an alternative, you may wish to consider publishing a separate reference map containing just area names and boundaries.

Choropleth colour shaded maps o Choose an appropriate number of classes for your data, and also how to divide them. There are a number of possibilities here:. Make sure that the one you choose is appropriate to the data you are showing. Five or six classes are usually ample. Note however that it is not easy for readers to distinguish more than four shades of one colour.

White is generally used to indicate areas where data are missing or unavailable. It is therefore inadvisable to use white to represent any part of your range of actual values. This is because it is very difficult for the human eye to interpret the relative size of two-dimensional objects although a good key will help. A value twice as high needs a symbol with double the surface area, not a doubling of each dimension.

Consider that if you double both the height and width of anything, the area becomes four times larger, which would give a very misleading visual impression. Dot maps o GIS offers aggregated dot maps, which take the aggregate statistic for a given area and randomly scatter an appropriate number of dots across it.

It would be possible to do this with Neighbourhood Statistics data, but you should not do so. Such maps are misleading and are not true dot maps. A true dot map will only mark data at the exact location of occurrence. This means that you will not be able to produce dot maps of Neighbourhood Statistics data.

You may, however, produce dot maps based on the datasets containing grid references for the location of services such as doctors, dentists and schools. Map dangers Although maps are a valuable means of data presentation, there are some pitfalls in the way they may be interpreted:. Then suppose, for the variable in question, that area A has a rate of This is a small difference in reality, but their different colouring on the map might be interpreted otherwise.

This is one reason why it is often useful to make the data available in a table too. For this reason, it is often more appropriate to map using standardised data such as rates or percentages. For example, rural local authorities are often large, whereas urban authorities tend to have a much smaller area.

This means that if one end of a range of values is common in rural areas, and the other in urban, the colour of the typically rural characteristic might misleadingly dominate the map.

Although this is inevitable you can reduce the effect by choosing non-dominant colours, and your textual summary might usefully highlight the urban-rural distinction. For example, a neighbourhood with a particularly high crime rate might really stand out on a map if the boundaries approximate to those of the neighbourhood. However, if the boundaries used happened to combine the neighbourhood with an adjacent area of particularly low crime, the presence of the hotspot could be lost.

Always examine the data and its context to see if it could be presented in a better way, and adjust the settings on your GIS accordingly. Creating maps using existing data is just the beginning. Lesson 1: Creating a New Vector Dataset 1. Follow along: The Layer Creation Dialog 1.

Follow along: Data sources 1. Lesson 2: Feature Topology 2. Follow along: Snapping 2. Follow along: Closing the Gaps 2. Follow along: Correct topology errors 2. Follow along: Tool: Simplify Feature 2. Tool: Add Ring 2. Tool: Add Part 2. Tools: Delete Ring and Delete Part 2. Follow along: Tool: Reshape Features 2. Tool: Split Features 2. Tool: Merge Features 2. In conclusion 2.

Lesson 3: Forms 3. Using the Form to Edit Values 3. Follow along: Setting Form Field Types 3. In Conclusion 3. What Next? For most common applications, the data already exists; but the more particular and specialised the project, the less likely it is that the data will already be available. Follow along: The Layer Creation Dialog Before you can add new vector data, you need a vector dataset to add it to.

This has no impact on the rest of the dialog, but it will cause the correct type of geometry to be used when the vector dataset is created. A CRS specifies how to describe a point on Earth in terms of coordinates, and because there are many different ways to do this, there are many different CRSs.

Next, there is a collection of fields grouped under New attribute. By default, a new layer has only one attribute, the ID field which you should see in the Attributes list below. For our current purposes, it will be enough to add three fields called: Name, Area, Plot Owner. Type the field, name: Name 2. For type, set to: Text data 3. Set a width of 20 4. Click once: Add to Attributes list.

Type the field, name: Area 2. For type, set to: Decimal number 3. Click Add to Attributes list. Set a width of Confirm your Attributes list. Exit the desktop application to continue later or go through the creation of all the layers below. For our current purposes, it will be enough to add two fields called Name and Length.

Type the field, name: Length 2. Set the precision at 2 5. For our current purposes, it will be enough to add two fields called Name and Comment. Type the field, name: Comment 2. Click Add to attributes list. Follow along: Data sources When you create new data, it obviously has to be about objects that really exist on the ground. There are many different ways to obtain data about objects. Or you could survey points using a theodolite, and enter the coordinates manually to create new features.

Or you could use the digitizing process to trace objects off remote sensing data, such as satellite imagery or aerial photography. Double click the file kisumu. Pan and zoom into any area of the map to a resolution where the details on the raster are visible without haze:. This is achieved by highlighting the layers you would like to hide, then click on Manage Layer Visibility. GIS software commonly requires this to prevent you from accidentally editing or deleting important data.

Edit mode is switched on or off individually for each layer. In order to be certain of the layer you are editing, make sure your layer has the Toggle Editing icon beside it as illustrated. The digitizing tools are activated when editing mode is enabled.

Delete Selected: delete the selected feature only active if a feature has been selected. Cut Features: cut the selected feature only active if a feature has been selected. Copy Features: copy the selected feature only active if a feature has been selected.

Paste Features: paste a cut or copied feature back into the map only active if a feature has been cut or copied.

You want to add a new feature. Click on the Add Feature button now to begin digitizing right away! Start digitizing by clicking on a point somewhere along the edge of any identifiable water reservoirs on the raster. To place your last point, right-click where you want it to be. This will finalise the feature and show you the Attributes dialog. Launch the QGIS desktop if not already open. Click on the Markets layer in the Layer List to select it. Click on the Add Feature tool now to begin digitizing right away!

Start digitizing by clicking on a point somewhere on the specific market centre and urban area identifiable on the raster. Click on the Rivers layer in the Layer list to select it. Start digitizing by clicking on a point somewhere along the edge of any identifiable river Major Nyando on the raster.

Fill in the values as appropriate: See a sample fill below. Click on the Toggle Editing tool to exit editing mode. When prompted whether to save changes, click once on Save. Click on the Save As button: 9. Exit the desktop application.

In conclusion The features created are only useful when its attributes are known and documented. For example, adjacent polygons know where they are in relation to one another.

This is called topology. Lesson 2: Feature Topology Topology is a useful aspect of vector data layers because it minimises errors such as overlap or gaps. Instead, you can edit their shared border and both features will change at the same time. This will allow your mouse cursor to snap to other objects while you digitize. To set snapping options:.

Snapping mode: Current Layer 2. Snap to: Segment 3. Set to Pixels 4. Tolerance: 20 Pixels 5. Check on: Enable topological editing 6. Check on: Enable snapping at intersection 7.

Click OK to save your changes and leave the dialog. This will open the layer properties window for this layer. Turn on the checkbox Label this layer with. Click once on the Browse Button. You will be presented with the popup window where you can change the tolerance values as desired. The Simplify Feature tool allows you to reduce the number of nodes in complex features.

However, notice what it does to the topology! This tool is better suited to generalising stand-alone features. The advantage is that it provides you with a simple, intuitive interface for generalisation, and allows you to see what the effects would be before you implement them. The Add Ring tool This tool allows you to take a hole out of a feature, as long as the hole is bounded on all sides by the feature.

Place more points by clicking further around the target area where the reservoir will rest until the area is fully enclosed. This will finalise the feature. The Add Part tool The Add Part tool allows you to create an extra part of the feature, not directly connected to the main feature. If prompted with the Coordinate Reference System Selector then follow the sub-steps below, otherwise proceed to the next step.

Start digitizing by clicking on a point somewhere close but not intersecting or coinciding with the Nandhiwa WRUA boundary. The islands have to float in Lake Victoria. Place more points by clicking further around the target area where the islands will rest, until the area is fully enclosed. This is selection by attribute.

Follow along: The Reshape Features tool The Reshape Features can add or deduct a coverage area to an existing feature. With this tool selected:. Check on with a single click, the checkbox next to the text Label this layer with. Click only once on the Select features using an expression tool. It will open the Select by expression window. This adds it to the expression output preview window. Click once on the Equal Operator tool. This adds the operator to the expression output preview window.

Click once on the all unique tool. Scroll and find the attribute: Mawira. Double click it, to add it to the expression output preview window. Click on the Close tool on the Select by expression window. Click on the Zoom to selection tool by clicking on it once. The display will zoom to the Mawira coverage area as the central focal area in the canvas display.

Start digitizing by clicking inside Mawira coverage area, then capture vertices outside the Mawira coverage by clicking and inserting vertices around the area you desire to add to the Mawira coverage area. When done, click inside the Mawira coverage area then right inside the Mawira coverage area to finish the extension. Start digitizing by clicking outside Mawira coverage area, then capture vertices inside the Mawira coverage through inserting vertices around the area you desire to deduct.

When done, click outside the Mawira coverage area then right outside the Mawira coverage area to finish the deduction. Instead, it keeps them both. Click outside the surface of the TCA coverage layer, within the canvas window but next to the area you want to start the split. Then add vertices by clicking across the TCA coverage area along the line you want to split.

This is a split result but the attributes have to be updated as they are by default duplicated. We have to reopen the previous project where we split the TCA polygon.

To select the split TCA polygon, click on it with a single click within the boundaries of one of the split polygons. Hold down the ctrl key on the keyboard and click on the second split polygon. This selects both polygons. Click once on the Zoom to selection tool.

The display will zoom to the TCA area as the central focal area in the canvas display. In conclusion Topology editing is a powerful tool that allows you to create and modify objects quickly and easily, while ensuring that they remain topologically correct. Now you know how to digitize the shape of the objects easily, but adding in the attributes is still a bit of a headache!

However, this dialog is not, by default, very nice to look at. This can cause a usability problem, especially if you have large datasets to create, or if you want other people to help you digitize and they find the default forms to be confusing.

Fortunately, QGIS lets you create your own custom dialogs for a layer. This lesson shows you how. Click once on the Toggle Editing tool to enter editing mode. Right-click on any cell in the table. A short menu will appear, with the only options being Select All and Open form. Obviously, it would be nice to be able to do this while looking at the map, rather than needing to search for a specific feature in the Attribute Table all the time. Click once on the Identify Features tool. To activate the Identify Results window:.

Click on the Save As button: Launch the QGIS desktop. The previous project is opened and displayed in the canvas. Click Save in the popup window asking whether to save changes. Click on the Save As tool: You are familiar now with the basic and fundamental approaches of a GIS. After familiarising yourself with the interface of the QGIS application, you learned how to create a basic map. This is the first analysis level of a GIS, because it enables you to see different information levels layers combined in one map.

You are also able to proceed from the analysis level to publication level. You learned that for a map for publishing there are certain crucial elements to be included to enable the user to understand the information you want to transmit, such as a legend or a scale bar.

In a fourth step, you created your own vector data layer. This procedure enables you now to feed the GIS with your own data collected in the field and combine them with other information layers. There are many other functions that can be applied in the analysis of spatial data. Be encouraged to take further steps on the way, now that you have already set foot on the path!

The internet offers a wide selection of informative web pages, data downloads, application and examples of analysis results and maps. There are also a number of forums, where questions of all levels in GIS applications have been asked. And of course, you can also ask your specific questions in these rooms. On the next page we provide some links to further reading, but be aware that there is much more when you start your own research. We hope you have enjoyed our introduction to the world of GIS and will have a lot of use and successful applications for it!

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The dataset contains feature names in English. Lesson preparation The training requirements: 1. Follow the popup instructions 2. NOTE: Do not create folders for the data; this will interfere with the navigation path. Follow along: Prepare a map a. To add new toolbars, follow the following path: 1. Status Bar 3. Lesson 1: Working with Vector Data 1. Follow along: Viewing layer attributes 1. Follow along: Loading vector data from shapefiles 1.

Follow along: Reordering the layers 1. Lesson 2: Symbology 2. Follow along: Changing colours 2. Follow along: Changing symbol structure 2. Follow along: Scale-based visibility 2. Follow along: Adding symbol layers 2. Follow along: Enabling symbol levels 2. Follow along: Symbol layer types 2. Follow along: Creating a custom SVG fill 2.

Further reading 2. You may now close the attribute table. NOTE: Remember to save your map! All the vector data is added to the map utilising the same procedure.

Within a GIS, the uses of raster data fall under four main categories: a Rasters as base maps A common use of raster data in a GIS is as a background display for other feature layers. Select with a single click on the menu item Properties in the right-click popup menu. Choose Categorized option in the drop-down window.

Click on the Style tab as in the previous exercise if not active. Click on the Change button to open the Symbol selector window: 9 7 10 7. To enable scale-based rendering: Launch the QGIS desktop by double clicking the icon on the Desktop if not already open. Click the Add Symbol Layer button and it will add a new symbol layer: 5 6 4 7 4. You should achieve a display that is unique from the default fill. To add another Symbol Layer, repeat the steps but observing the new parameters.

Click once on the Simple fill symbology layer. Set the Marker placement width interval to 3. Set the Pen colour to Red. Set the Pen width to 5. Zoom in to see the changes. Select the Categorized Symbol in the Symbology drop-down menu.

Set the Colour Ramp to Random Colours. Click once on the Classify button. Click Ok once. Quantitative Symbology in polygons Launch the QGIS desktop by double clicking the icon on the desktop if not already open. For the Column select AreasqKm as the symbolising defining field. Click only once on the Classify button. Click the Add Button and a New Composer will be added 2.

Click and drag a portrait-like virtual frame in the blank Print Composer page: Pick the Add New Map tool, click and drag a portrait like this one The map will appear on the page. Be sure to leave margins along the edges, and a space along the top for the title and at the bottom for the other map elements: Leave space for the title Leave space for the elements: legend, scale bar, arrow, date, publisher etc.

Zoom in and out on the page not the map! Zoom and pan the map in the main QGIS window. You can also pan the map using the Move item content tool: When zooming in, the map view will not refresh by itself. Go to the main QGIS window.

Click once on the checkbox preceding the Frame title. Click once on the Item properties tab. Make the following settings o Frame colour: Green o Thickness: 5. You can also rename items. This is the result: 1. Scroll downwards to Draw Coordinates option and click on it to check it on. Follow along: Adding North arrow 1. Follow along: Scale bar 1.

Position the scale bar in the best- suited location The final map should look like this. The other two options are more flexible. Congratulations on your first completed QGIS map project! There are a number of possibilities here: o Equal ranges — e. There are a number of aspects to this too: o It is best to have a gradation of colour along a range, rather than having completely unrelated colours for each category. Map dangers Although maps are a valuable means of data presentation, there are some pitfalls in the way they may be interpreted: o They may exaggerate the difference between areas.

The goal for this lesson: To create a new vector dataset. At the top, click on the Polygon button: This has no impact on the rest of the dialog, but it will cause the correct type of geometry to be used when the vector dataset is created.

Click Add to Attributes list 4 2 1. Click Add to Attributes list Before you go further, confirm the Attributes list. Confirm your Attributes list Click OK. A save dialog will appear. Click once: Add to Attributes list 1 4 5 3 1. Click Add to attributes list Click OK. You have just learnt to create all vector data types: polygons, lines, and point data. The Kisumu layer is added to the map. Click and drag it to the bottom of the list so that you can still see your other layers. Right-click the Kisumu raster dataset and click once on the Zoom to layer command.

This is achieved by highlighting the layers you would like to hide, then click on Manage Layer Visibility drop-down icon as illustrated from the figure below. Click on the Toggle Editing button: Alternatively right click on the layer of interest and navigate to Toggle Editing.

Save Edits: saves changes made to the layer 3. Add Feature: start digitizing a new feature 4. Move Feature s : move an entire feature around 5. Node Tool: move only one part of a feature 6. Delete Selected: delete the selected feature only active if a feature has been selected 7. Cut Features: cut the selected feature only active if a feature has been selected 8. Paste Features: paste a cut or copied feature back into the map only active if a feature has been cut or copied You want to add a new feature.

Repeat the same to capture as many markets as you can identify on the raster. To enter edit mode for the Rivers layer: Click on the Rivers layer in the Layer list to select it. The goal for this lesson: To understand topology using examples 2. To set snapping options: Launch the QGIS desktop by double clicking the icon on the desktop if not already open.

Click on the Add Raster Layer Tool. Set the following settings as follows: 1. Click once on the Labels tab. Module: The Interface 3. Module: Creating a Basic Map 4. Module: Classifying Vector Data 5. Module: Creating Maps 6. Module: Creating Vector Data 7. Module: Vector Analysis 8. Module: Rasters 9. Module: Completing the Analysis Module: Plugins Module: Online Resources Module: Assessment Module: Forestry Application The QGIS processing guide Appendix: Contributing To This Manual Answer Sheet Indices and tables.

Course Introduction 1. Foreword 1. Preparing Exercise Data 2. Module: The Interface 2. Lesson: A Brief Introduction 2. Lesson: Adding your first layer 2. Lesson: An Overview of the Interface 3. Module: Creating a Basic Map 3. Lesson: Working with Vector Data 3. Lesson: Symbology 4. Module: Classifying Vector Data 4.

Lesson: Attribute Data 4. Lesson: The Label Tool 4. Lesson: Classification 5. Module: Creating Maps 5. Lesson: Using Map Composer 5. Assignment 1 6. Module: Creating Vector Data 6. Lesson: Creating a New Vector Dataset 6. Lesson: Feature Topology 6. Lesson: Forms 6. Lesson: Actions 7. Module: Vector Analysis 7. Lesson: Reprojecting and Transforming Data 7.

Lesson: Vector Analysis 7. Lesson: Network Analysis 7. Lesson: Spatial Statistics 8. Module: Rasters 8. Lesson: Working with Raster Data 8. Lesson: Changing Raster Symbology 8. Lesson: Terrain Analysis 9. Module: Completing the Analysis 9. Lesson: Raster to Vector Conversion 9. Lesson: Combining the Analyses 9. Assignment 9. Lesson: Supplementary Exercise Lesson: Installing and Managing Plugins Lesson: Web Mapping Services Lesson: Web Feature Services Create a base map Analyze the data Final Map Lesson: Forestry Module Presentation Lesson: Georeferencing a Map Lesson: Digitizing Forest Stands Lesson: Updating Forest Stands Lesson: Systematic Sampling Design Lesson: Calculating the Forest Parameters Lesson: Map Presentation Lesson: Introduction to Databases Lesson: Implementing the Data Model